SEEK: Salford Environment for Expertise and Knowledge
James Christian
Dr James M Christian
postal addressSchool of Computing Science and Engineering, Newton Building (Office 272), University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom, M5 4WT.
email addressj.christian@salford.ac.uk
telephone0161 295 5383
website addresshttp://www.cse.salford.ac.uk/research/matphys
Key Memberships
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Full Member of Research Centre: Materials & Physics Research Centre
From October 2009 to present.
Key Qualifications
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2006
PhD Theoretical and Computational Photonics (from University of Salford).
2002
MPhys Physics (Integrated) (from University of Salford).
2002
Associate Member AmInstP (from Institute of Physics, Quantum Electronics & Photonics Group).
2000
MPhys Industrial Placement Year (from Computational Plasma Physics Group, Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK).
Key Publications
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Refereed Journal Articles
2012
Jan
Christian, J M & McDonald, G S & Hodgkinson, T & Chamorro-Posada, P 2012, 'Spatiotemporal dispersion and wave envelopes with relativistic and pseudo-relativistic characteristics', PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, Art. No. 034101, 108(3).abstract
2011
Jun
Chamorro-Posada, P & Sanchez-Curto, J & Garcia-Escartin, J C & Diaz-Otero, F J & Martin-Ramos, P & Martin-Gil, J & Navas-Gracia, L M & Fraile-Pelaez, F J & McDonald, G S & Christian, J 2011, 'Research on Nonlinear and Quantum Optics at the Photonics and Quantum Information Group of the University of Valladolid', OPTICA PURA Y APLICADA, 44(2), pp.211-217.abstract
2010
Sep
Christian, J M & McDonald, G S & Chamorro-Posada, P 2010, 'Helmholtz solitons in optical materials with a dual power-law refractive index', JOURNAL OF NONLINEAR OPTICAL PHYSICS & MATERIALS, 19(3), pp.389-405.abstract
2010
May
Christian, J M & McDonald, G S & Chamorro-Posada, P 2010, 'Bistable dark solitons of a cubic-quintic Helmholtz equation', PHYSICAL REVIEW A, art no 053831, 81(5).abstract
2010
Feb
Christian, J M & McDonald, G S & Chamorro-Posada, P 2010, 'Helmholtz algebraic solitons', J PHYS A: MATH & THEOR v43 , Art no 085212, 2010, 43(8), pp.1-16.abstract
2009
Dec
Christian, J M & McDonald, G S & Chamorro-Posada, P 2009, 'Bistable Helmholtz bright solitons in saturable materials', J OPT SOC AM B, 26(12), pp.2323-2330.abstract
2008
Jun
Chamorro-Posada, P & Sanchez-Curto, J & Grikurov, V & McDonald, G S & Christian, J M 2008, 'Helmholtz solitons: Maxwell's equations, interfaces, bistability & counterpropagation', DAYS on DIFFRACTION, pp.1-6.abstract
2007
Oct
Christian, J & McDonald, G & Chamorro-Posada, P 2007, 'Bistable Helmholtz solitons in cubic-quintic materials', PHYSICAL REVIEW A v76, Art no 033833, 2007, 76(33833), pp.33833-0.abstract
2007
Oct
Christian, J & McDonald, G & Potton, R & Chamorro-Posada, P 2007, 'Helmholtz Solitons in Power-Law Optical Materials', PHYSICAL REVIEW A v76, Art no 033834, 2007, 76(33834), pp.33834-0.abstract
2007
Feb
McDonald, G & Christian, J & Chamorro-Posada, P 2007, 'Helmholtz Bright and Boundary Solitons', J PHYS A: MATH & THEOR v40, p1545, 2007, 40(1545), pp.1545-1569.abstract
2006
Dec
Christian, J & McDonald, G & Huang, J 2006, 'Fresnel diffraction and fractal patterns from polygonal apertures', JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA A v23, p2768, 2006, 23(11), pp.2768-2774.abstract
2006
Dec
McDonald, G & Christian, J & Chamorro-Posada, P 2006, 'Helmholtz-Manakov Solitons', PHYSICAL REVIEW E v74, 066612, 2006, 74(6), pp.66612-0.abstract
2006
Nov
McDonald, G & Christian, J & Chamorro-Posada, P 2006, 'Korteweg-de Vries Description of Helmholtz-Kerr Dark Solitons', JOURNAL OF PHYSICS A: MATHEMATICAL AND GENERAL v39, 15355, 2006, 39(15355), pp.15355-15363.abstract
Other Journal Articles
2007
Aug
Christian, J & McDonald, G & Chamorro-Posada, P 2007, 'Bright & Boundary Solitons', J PHYS A: MATH & THEOR v40, p8601, 2007, 40(8601), pp.8601-0.abstract
Abstracts
2012
Jan
McCoy, E A & Christian, J M & McDonald, G S 2012, 'Arbitrary-angle interaction of spatial solitons with layered photonic structures', SPARC 12 conference, University of Salford, 30th-31st May 2012.
2012
Jan
Bostock, C & Christian, J M & McDonald, G S 2012, 'Stability of two-colour spatial solitons in Helmholtz vector beam models', SPARC 12 conference, University of Salford, 30th-31st May, 2012.
2011
Jun
McDonald, G S & Christian, J 2011, 'Propagation and Stability of Two-colour Spatial Optical Solitons', College Research Showcase Day.
2011
Jun
McCoy, E & Christian, J & McDonald, G S 2011, 'Arbitrary-angle Scattering of Spatial Solitons from Dielectric Optical Interfaces', College Research Showcase Day.
2011
Jun
McDonald, G S & Christian, J & Huang, J 2011, 'The Role of Boundary Conditions in Kaleidoscope Laser Modes', College Research Showcase Day.
2011
Jun
Rose, C & McDonald, G S & Christian, J 2011, 'Cavity-enhanced Broadband Light Generation', College Research Showcase Day.
2011
Jun
Christian, J & McDonald, G S & Lundie, M & Lancaster, G 2011, 'Relativistic & Pseudo-relativistic Connections in Optical Pulse Propagation', College Research Showcase Day.
2010
Jun
Christian, J M & McDonald, G S & Sanchez-Curto, J & Chamorro-Posada, P 2010, 'Snell's Law for Nonlinear Beams', SEE Faculty Celebration of Research, Meeting Abstract & Presentation, University of Salford.
2010
Jun
Rose, C S & McDonald, G S & Christian, J M 2010, 'White Light Lasers', SEE Faculty Celebration of Research, Meeting Abstract & Presentation, University of Salford.
2010
Jun
McDonald, G S & Christian, J M & Hodgkinson, T F 2010, 'Relativistic Effects in Non-Relativistic Systems', SEE Faculty Celebration of Research, Meeting Abstract & Presentation, University of Salford.
2009
May
Ashcroft, T & Christian, J M & McDonald, G S & Huang, J 2009, 'Kaleidoscope lasers - complexity in simple optical systems', SPARC 09 conference, University of Salford, 7th-8th May, 2009..
2004
Dec
Christian, J & McDonald, G 2004, 'Light Guiding Light Guiding Light: A New Angle', SPARC 2004 Conference, Research & Graduate College, University of Salford, Session B3, 2004, 1(1), pp.5-0.abstract
Meeting Abstracts
2011
Sep
McDonald, G S & Christian, J M & Walsh, T & Huang, J 2011, Optical Fractals - Characterization, Cavities, Coherence and Connections, 11th International Conference on Laser and Fiber Optics Networks Modeling, LFNM'2011, Publisher: IEEE Photonics Society, Piscataway, New Jersey. [ Location: Kharkov, Ukraine, International INVITED PLENARY LECTURE abstract] , USA.abstract
2010
Sep
McDonald, G S & Christian, J M & Hodgkinson, T F 2010, Optical soliton pulses with relativistic characteristics, Publisher: IEEE Photonics Society, Piscataway, New Jersey. [ Location: Sevastopol, Crimea, Ukraine, International INVITED PLENARY LECTURE abstract] , USA.abstract
2008
Sep
McDonald, G S & Christian, J M & Huang, J G 2008, Wide class of new fractal light sources, International Conference on Advanced Optoelectronics & Lasers (IEEE Photonics Society), Alushta, Crimea, Ukraine, Sept, 2008 [ International PLENARY Lecture Abstract].abstract
2006
Sep
McDonald, G S & Christian, J M & Huang, J G & Benbow, S C & Chamorro-Posada, P & Sanchez-Curto, J 2006, New horizons in non-linear optics: Helmholtz solitons, spatial fractals & attosecond pulses, 'Photon 06', Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol, UK [Invited Lecture Abstract].abstract
2005
Sep
Chamorro-Posada, P & Sanchez-Curto, J & Christian, J M & McDonald, G S 2005, From Maxwell's Equations to New Families of Helmholtz Solitons, CAOL 05, IEEE Photonics Society, Piscataway, New Jersey , USA [International INVITED SEMINAR Abstract].abstract
Papers in Published Conference Proceedings
2012
Sep
Lundie, M J & Christian, J M & McDonald, G S & Chamorro-Posada, P 2012, Helmholtz dark spatial solitons in waveguides with defocusing saturable materials, in: 'National Photonics Conference, Photon 12', Institute of Physics: Optics and Photonics Division, Durham, UK.abstract
2012
Sep
Christian, J & McCoy, E A & McDonald, G S & Sanchez-Curto, J & Chamorro-Posada, P 2012, Helmholtz spatial solitons and oblique propagation in coupled-waveguide arrays, in: 'Photon 12', Institute of Physics: Optics and Photonics Division, Durham, UK. Conference details: National Photonics Conference.abstract
2012
Sep
McCoy, E A & Christian, J M & McDonald, G S & Sanchez-Curto, J & Chamorro-Posada, P 2012, Nonparaxial refraction laws for spatial solitons at cubic-quintic material interfaces, in: 'Photon 12', Institute of Physics: Optics and Photonics Division, Durham, UK. Conference details: National Photonics Conference.abstract
2012
Sep
Bostock, C & Christian, J & McDonald, G S 2012, Two-colour spatial optical solitons: new stability analyses for off-axis propagation, in: 'Photon 12', Institute of Physics: Optics and Photonics Division, Durham, UK. Conference details: National Photonics Conference.abstract
2012
Sep
Cowey, R & Lancaster, G & Christian, J & McDonald, G S 2012, Spatial dispersion and spatiotemporal solitons in cubic-quintic optical waveguides, in: 'EOSAM 2012', European Optical Society, Aberdeen, UK. Conference details: European Optical Society Annual Meeting.abstract
2012
Sep
Lundie, M J & Christian, J & McDonald, G S & Chamorro-Posada, P 2012, Helmholtz dark spatial optical solitons for a defocusing saturable nonlinearity, in: 'EOSAM 2012', European Optical Society, Aberdeen, UK. Conference details: European Optical Society Annual Meeting.abstract
2012
Sep
Christian, J & McDonald, G S & McCoy, E A & Sanchez-Curto, J & Chamorro-Posada, P 2012, Nonparaxial refraction laws in optics: from non-Kerr interfaces to waveguide arrays, in: 'EOSAM 2012', European Optical Society, Aberdeen, UK. Conference details: European Optical Society Annual Meeting.abstract
2012
Sep
McDonald, G S & Christian, J & Huang, J G & Walsh, T M & Bostock, C 2012, Spontaneous spatial fractal patterns in simple linear and nonlinear optical cavities, in: 'EOSAM 2012', European Optical Society, Aberdeen, UK. Conference details: European Optical Society Annual Meeting.abstract
2011
Nov
Bostock, C & Christian, J & McDonald, G S 2011, Two-colour optical fields: modulational instabilities and vector spatial solitons, in: '2nd CSE Doctoral School Postgraduate Research Conference', University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK.
2011
Nov
McCoy, E & Christian, J & McDonald, G S 2011, Nonlinear wave phenomena at optical boundaries: spatial soliton refraction, in: '2nd CSE Doctoral School Postgraduate Research Conference', University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK.
2011
Sep
McDonald, G S & Christian, J & Walsh, T & Huang, J 2011, Optical Fractals - Characterization, Cavities, Coherence and Connections, in: '11th International Conference on Laser and Fiber Optics Networks Modeling, LFNM'2011', IEEE Photonics Society, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA. Conference details: LFNM'2011, Kharkov, Ukraine [ INVITED PLENARY PAPER ].
2011
Aug
McCoy, E & Christian, J & McDonald, G S 2011, Scattering of Helmholtz spatial optical solitons at material interfaces, in: 'First Annual Student Conference on Complexity Science', Institute of Complex Systems Simulation (University of Southampton), Winchester University, UK.
2011
Aug
Bostock, C & Christian, J & McDonald, G S 2011, Spatial solitons and instabilities in two-colour Helmholtz light fields, in: 'First Annual Student Conference on Complexity Science', Institute of Complex Systems Simulation (University of Southampton), Winchester University, UK.
2011
Jul
Lundie, M & Lancaster, G & Hodgkinson, T & Christian, J & McDonald, G S & Chamorro-Posada, P 2011, Pulses with Relativistic and Pseudo-Relativistic Aspirations, in: 'Waves 2011 - 10th International Conference on Mathematical and Numerical Aspects of Waves', Pacific Institute for the Mathematical Sciences (PIMS), Vancouver, Canada.abstract
2011
Jul
Christian, J M & McDonald, G S & Bostock, C & McCoy, E & Sanchez-Curto, J & Chamorro-Posada, P 2011, A Universal Nonparaxial Refraction Law for Spatial Solitons, in: 'Waves 2011 - 10th International Conference on Mathematical and Numerical Aspects of Waves', Pacific Institute for the Mathematical Sciences (PIMS), Vancouver, Canada.abstract
2011
Jul
McDonald, G S & Christian, J & Heyes, A & Millington, N & Walsh, T & Huang, J 2011, Complexity & Fractality in Simple Optical Systems, in: 'Waves 2011 - 10th International Conference on Mathematical and Numerical Aspects of Waves', Pacific Institute for the Mathematical Sciences (PIMS), Vancouver, Canada.abstract
2011
Jun
McCoy, E & Christian, J & McDonald, G S 2011, Spatial Soliton Refraction at Cubic-Quintic Material Interfaces, in: 'SPARC 11 conference', University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK.
2011
Jun
Bostock, C & Christian, J & McDonald, G S 2011, Families of Two-Colour Helmholtz Spatial Solitons, in: 'SPARC 11 conference', University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK.
2011
May
McDonald, G S & Christian, J & Heyes, A & Millington, N & Walsh, T & Huang, J 2011, Spontaneous Spatial Fractals: Universal Contexts and Applications, in: 'CLEO Europe - EQEC 201', Optical Society of America, Munich, Germany.abstract
2011
May
Lancaster, G & Lundie, M & Hodgkinson, T & Christian, J & McDonald, G S 2011, Universality in Relativistic Aspirations of Helmholtz Soliton Pulses, in: 'CLEO Europe - EQEC 2011', Optical Society of America, Munich, Germany.abstract
2010
Nov
Rose, C S & McDonald, G S & Christian, J M 2010, A Potential New Light Source for Nuclear Fusion, in: '1st CSE Doctoral School Postgraduate Research Conference', University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK.abstract
2010
Nov
Bostock, C & Christian, J M & McDonald, G S 2010, A Helmholtz Model for Two-Colour Nonlinear Light Beams, in: '1st CSE Doctoral School Postgraduate Research Conference', University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK.abstract
2010
Nov
McCoy, E A & Christian, J M & McDonald, G S 2010, Refraction law for self-collimated light beams at material interfaces, in: '1st CSE Doctoral School Postgraduate Research Conference, University of Salford, 17 Nov 2010', Univeristy of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK.abstract
2010
Sep
McDonald, G S & Christian, J M & Hodgkinson, T F 2010, Optical soliton pulses with relativistic characteristics, in: 'CAOL 2010', IEEE Photonics Society, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA. Conference details: 5th International Conference on Advanced Optoelectronics & Lasers, CAOL 2010, Sevastopol, Crimea, Ukraine, 10-14 Sept 2010 [ INVITED PLENARY PAPER ].abstract
2010
Sep
Christian, J M & McDonald, G S & Heyes, A S & Huang, J G 2010, Kaleidoscope laser properties and new optical fractal contexts, in: 'CAOL 2010', IEEE Photonics Society, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA. Conference details: 5th International Conference on Advanced Optoelectronics & Lasers, CAOL 2010, Sevastopol, Crimea, Ukraine, 10-14 Sept 2010.
2010
Aug
Rose, C S & McDonald, G S & Christian, J M 2010, Novel cavity effects in ultra-broadband multiline Raman generation, in: 'Photon 10', Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol, UK. Conference details: National Photonics Conference, Photon 10, Southampton, UK, 23-26 Aug 2010.abstract
2010
Aug
Christian, J M & McDonald, G S & Hodgkinson, T F & Chamorro-Posada, P 2010, Optical pulses with spatial dispersion - exact solitons & relativity, in: 'Photon 10', Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol, UK. Conference details: National Photonics Conference, Photon 10, Southampton, UK, 23-26 Aug 2010.abstract
2010
Aug
Christian, J M & McDonald, G S & Heyes, A S & Huang, J G 2010, Fractal laser sources: new analyses, results and contexts, in: 'Photon 10', Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol, UK. Conference details: National Photonics Conference, Photon 10, Southampton, UK, 23-26 Aug 2010.abstract
2010
Aug
Sanchez-Curto, J & Chamorro-Posada, P & Christian, J M & McDonald, G S & McCoy, E A 2010, Universal Snell's law & bright spatial soliton refraction, in: 'Photon 10', Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol, UK. Conference details: National Photonics Conference, Photon 10, Southampton, UK, 23-26 Aug 2010.abstract
2010
Jun
Christian, J M & Hodgkinson, T F & McDonald, G S & Chamorro-Posada, P 2010, Helmholtz pulse propagation & spatially-dispersive light, in: 'Nonlinear Photonics', Optical Society of America, Washington, USA. Conference details: Nonlinear Photonics, Conference Proceedings Paper, Karlsruhe, Germany, 21-24 June 2010.abstract
2010
Jun
Christian, J M & McDonald, G S & Huang, J G 2010, Kaleidoscope lasers - complexity in simple optical systems, in: 'Nonlinear Photonics', Optical Society of America, Washington, USA. Conference details: Nonlinear Photonics, Conference Proceedings Paper, Karlsruhe, Germany, 21-24 June 2010.abstract
2010
Jun
Rose, C S & McDonald, G S & Christian, J M 2010, Novel White Light Lasers, in: 'SPARC 10', University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK. Conference details: SPARC 10 conference, University of Salford, UK, 10-11 June 2010.abstract
2008
Oct
Huang, J G & Christian, J M & McDonald, G S & P, C 2008, Turing instability: a universal route to spontaneous spatial fractals, in: 'Annual Meeting', European Optical Society, Hannover, Germany, pp.1-0. Conference details: European Optical Society Annual Meeting, Paris, Fracme, 29 Sept - 02 Oct, 2008.abstract
2008
Sep
McDonald, G S & Christian, J M & JG, H 2008, Wide class of new fractal light sources, in: 'CAOL 08', IEEE Photonics Society, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA, pp.36-38. Conference details: Intern Conf on Adv Optoelectronics & Lasers, Alushta, Crimea, Ukraine, Sept, 2008 [Invited PLENARY Paper].abstract
2008
Jun
P, C & J, S & VE, G & McDonald, G S & Christian, J M 2008, Helmholtz solitons: Maxwell's equations, interfaces, bistability and counterpropagation, in: 'Proceedings of Days on Diffraction', -, -, -, pp.1-0. Conference details: Proceedings of Days on Diffraction, St. Petersburg, Russia, 2008.abstract
2006
Oct
McDonald, G S & JG, H & Christian, J M & SC, B & P, C & J, S 2006, New horizons in non-linear optics: Helmholtz solitons, spatial fractals & attosecond pulses, in: 'Photon 06', Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol, UK, p.0. Conference details: Photon06 Proceedings, Manchester, Sept 2006 [INVITED PAPER].abstract
2005
Oct
P, C & J, S & Christian, J M & McDonald, G S 2005, From Maxwell's Equations to New Families of Helmholtz Solitons, in: 'CAOL 05', IEEE Photonics Society, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA, pp.108-112. Conference details: Intern Conf on Adv Optoelectr & Lasers, Alushta, Crimea, Ukraine, Sept, v2, p108-122, 2005 [ Invited Paper].abstract
Performances
2011
Oct
McDonald, G S & Christian, J 2011, 'Complexity in Science & Society: Hands-on Video Feedback Demonstrations', Public Understanding Activity, Manchester Science Festival, Salford scifest, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK.
2010
Oct
McDonald, G S & Christian, J 2010, 'Illustrating Complexity in Science & Society within the Video Feedback Laboratory', Public Understanding Activity, Manchester Science Festival, Salford University Science Trail, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK.
Key Presence
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Honours and Awards
2010
Jun
Dean's Annual Prize for Research (Faculty of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, United Kingdom, June 2010).

Internal award of £2,000 for Research Support

2009
Oct
Vice Chancellor's "Early Career Researcher" Scholarship (University of Salford, United Kingdom, October 2009).

Internal award of £2,000 for Research Support

2002
Jul
Prize for Physics (School of Sciences undergraduate award, University of Salford, United Kingdom, July 2002).
2001
Jul
Achievement Prize for Physics (Head of School undergraduate award, University of Salford, United Kingdom, July 2001).
Invited Papers and Lectures
2012
May
Chair of Science Session (Salford Postgraduate Annual Research Conference SPARC 12, University of Salford, U.K., United Kingdom, May 2012).
2011
Sep
GS McDonald, JM Christian, TM Walsh, and JG Huang, "Optical fractals: characterization, cavities, coherence and connections," (11th International Conference on Lasers & Fibre-Optical Networks Modeling (LFNM 11), Kharkov, Ukraine, September 2011).
2010
Sep
GS McDonald, JM Christian, and TF Hodgkinson, "Optical soliton pulses with relativistic characteristics," (5th International Conference on Advanced Optoelectronics & Lasers (CAOL 2010), Sevastopol, Crimea, Ukraine, September 2010).
2010
Jun
JM Christian, "Complexity - the science of Nature, or the nature of Science?" (Dean's Annual Reserach Prize Lecture, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Environment 'Celebration of Research', University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom, June 2010).
2008
Oct
GS McDonald, JM Christian, and JG Huang, "Wide class of new fractal light sources," (4th International Conference on Advanced Optoelectronics & Lasers (CAOL 2008), Alushta, Crimea, Ukraine, October 2008).
2006
Sep
GS McDonald, JM Christian, JG Huang, SC Benbow, P Chamorro-Posada, and J Sanchez-Curto, "Photonics theory: solitons, fractals and attosecond pulses," (Quantum Electronics and Photonics Conference (Photon06/QEP-17), University of Manchester, United Kingdom, September 2006).
2005
Sep
P Chamorro-Posada, J Sanchez-Curto, JM Christian, and GS McDonald, "From Maxwell's equation to new families of Helmholtz solitons" (2nd International Conference on Advanced Optoelectornics & Lasers (CAOL 2005), Yalta, Crimea, Ukraine, September 2005).
Other Evidence of External Esteem
2011
Oct
REGULAR REVIEWER FOR ACADEMIC JOURNALS (United Kingdom, October 2011).

Journal of Optics A (2009 - present); Journal of Physics A & B (2008-present); Journal of Modern Optics (2006-present)

Other Research Activity
2011
Oct
RECENT POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS (United Kingdom, October 2011).

PhD LEVEL:  Christopher Bostock (GTA), Emily A McCoy (EPSRC), Christopher S Rose (EPSRC, co-supervisor), Timothy J Ashcroft (EPSRC)

 MASTERS LEVEL:  Christopher Bostock (MPhil)

2009
Jun
FUNDING AWARDED (United Kingdom, June 2009).

£2,500 AWARDED: EPSRC Vacation Bursary (Summer 2009, supervision of project by Timothy F Hodgkinson).

Co-supervision of three other EPSRC Vacation Bursary projects.